Buddhism

1. Axioms

The following axioms function as foundational premises within Buddhism. They are treated as starting points for doctrine, ethics, and practice, rather than as conclusions derived from prior metaphysical commitments.

1. Pervasiveness of unsatisfactoriness: Conditioned existence is characterized by dissatisfaction, instability, or suffering (dukkha).
2. Conditionality: Phenomena arise and cease due to causes and conditions rather than through independent essence.
3. Ignorance and craving: Misunderstanding reality and clinging to impermanent states are primary sources of suffering.
4. Cessation is possible: The alleviation of suffering is achievable through insight and disciplined practice.
5. Path as method: Liberation is approached through a practical path integrating conduct, mental discipline, and understanding.

2. Derived Doctrinal Commitments

From these axioms, Buddhist traditions develop a coherent analysis of experience and liberation.

• Impermanence: All conditioned phenomena are transient and unstable.
• Non-self: No enduring, independent self can be found within experiential aggregates.
• Dependent arising: Phenomena arise interdependently rather than from a single originating source.
• Nirvāṇa: Liberation is characterized as the cessation of craving, ignorance, and suffering.
• Pragmatic authority: Teachings are validated through practice and experiential verification.

3. Ethical Framework

Buddhist ethics are consequential, intentional, and oriented toward liberation.

• Non-harm: Ethical conduct emphasizes reducing suffering for oneself and others.
• Intention: Moral evaluation gives priority to mental states motivating action.
• Compassion and wisdom: Ethical life integrates concern for others with clear understanding of reality.

4. Practices

Practices function as systematic training of conduct, attention, and understanding.

• Ethical precepts and moral restraint
• Meditation practices cultivating concentration and insight
• Mindfulness in daily activity
• Study and contemplation of teachings
• Monastic and lay communal forms (vary by tradition)

5. Internal Diversity

Buddhism contains significant internal diversity while sharing core axioms.

• Different canonical collections and textual traditions
• Distinct philosophical interpretations and practice emphases
• Varied monastic and lay models
• Regional cultural adaptations across Asia and beyond